蚜虫 Aphids

分类	中文	English
成虫 Adult	体长约1.0–2.5 mm（因种类而异）。有有翅型（alate）与无翅型（apterous）两种形态。体色多变：绿色、黄绿色、褐色或近黑色。无翅型常群居于叶背与嫩梢，有翅型用于扩散。	Body length about 1.0–2.5 mm (varies by species). Two forms occur: winged (alate) and wingless (apterous). Color varies—green, yellow-green, brown or nearly black. Wingless forms commonly cluster on leaf undersides and growing tips; winged forms disperse to new hosts.
卵 Eggs	多数温带种在秋季产卵越冬，卵呈椭圆或椭球形，附着在树皮或基部组织上；在暖区或温室，常以胎生为主，幼体直接孵出（无明显卵期）。	In temperate species, sexual females lay overwintering eggs in autumn—eggs are oval and attached to bark or basal tissues. In warm areas or greenhouses, vivipary predominates and nymphs are born live (no obvious egg stage seasonally).
若虫 Nymphs	若虫形似无翅成虫，体小、活动并取食。若虫经历数个蜕皮龄期，逐渐发育为成虫；在有翅型发生时后期若虫会分化形成翅芽。	Nymphs resemble apterous adults—small, active feeders. They pass through several instars, molting before becoming adults; when winged morphs form, later nymphal stages develop wing buds.
有翅型/分散形态 Alate / Dispersal forms	在拥挤、营养差或环境变化时会产生有翅个体（有翅成虫），用于长距离迁移和新的寄主搜索。	Winged forms (alates) are produced under crowding, poor nutrition, or environmental cues; they enable long-distance dispersal and colonization of new hosts.

生长繁殖 Growth & Reproduction

中文	English
蚜虫繁殖力极强，常以孤雌生殖（胎生无性繁殖）为主，世代重叠，生长迅速。在适温条件下（通常约15–25℃，视种类），一代可在约7–14天内完成；单雌在有利条件下一生可产几十至上百个子代。温室或热带地区可全年繁殖；温带地区秋季转为有性繁殖并产越冬卵。	Aphids have very high reproductive potential—many species reproduce parthenogenetically (viviparous asexual reproduction), with overlapping generations and rapid population increase. Under favorable temperatures (commonly ~15–25°C, species dependent), a generation may complete in about 7–14 days; a single female can produce dozens to hundreds of offspring in her lifetime. In greenhouses/tropics they breed year-round; in temperate zones they switch to sexual reproduction in autumn and lay overwintering eggs.

中文

English

蚜虫繁殖力极强，常以孤雌生殖（胎生无性繁殖）为主，世代重叠，生长迅速。在适温条件下（通常约15–25℃，视种类），一代可在约7–14天内完成；单雌在有利条件下一生可产几十至上百个子代。温室或热带地区可全年繁殖；温带地区秋季转为有性繁殖并产越冬卵。

Aphids have very high reproductive potential—many species reproduce parthenogenetically (viviparous asexual reproduction), with overlapping generations and rapid population increase. Under favorable temperatures (commonly ~15–25°C, species dependent), a generation may complete in about 7–14 days; a single female can produce dozens to hundreds of offspring in her lifetime. In greenhouses/tropics they breed year-round; in temperate zones they switch to sexual reproduction in autumn and lay overwintering eggs.

种群消长 Population Dynamics

中文	English
种群常随新梢生长、温度与营养状况波动。春季和初夏新梢萌发期以及施大量氮肥后易爆发；温室内常年高发。天敌（瓢虫、草蛉、寄生蜂等）和天气（大雨、高温）会抑制种群。若留意天敌与寄主状态，可使种群自然受到控制。	Populations fluctuate with new growth flushes, temperature and nutritional status. Outbreaks often occur in spring/early summer during flush growth or after heavy nitrogen fertilization; greenhouses commonly have year-round problems. Natural enemies (lady beetles, lacewings, parasitoids) and weather (heavy rain, extreme heat) suppress populations. Careful management of natural enemies and host conditions can keep populations in check.

中文

English

种群常随新梢生长、温度与营养状况波动。春季和初夏新梢萌发期以及施大量氮肥后易爆发；温室内常年高发。天敌（瓢虫、草蛉、寄生蜂等）和天气（大雨、高温）会抑制种群。若留意天敌与寄主状态，可使种群自然受到控制。

Populations fluctuate with new growth flushes, temperature and nutritional status. Outbreaks often occur in spring/early summer during flush growth or after heavy nitrogen fertilization; greenhouses commonly have year-round problems. Natural enemies (lady beetles, lacewings, parasitoids) and weather (heavy rain, extreme heat) suppress populations. Careful management of natural enemies and host conditions can keep populations in check.

生活习性 Habits

中文	English
蚜虫群集于嫩叶、叶背、嫩梢与花蕾上，用刺吸式口器吸取汁液，导致叶片卷缩、畸形、黄化、减产。取食时分泌蜜露，促成煤污病（sooty mold），影响光合作用与外观。蚜虫是多种植物病毒（如黄化、花叶类病毒）的重要传播者。	Aphids colonize young leaves, undersides, shoots and buds, feeding by piercing-sucking sap, causing leaf curling, deformation, chlorosis and yield loss. While feeding they excrete honeydew that promotes sooty mold, reducing photosynthesis and crop appearance. Aphids are important vectors of many plant viruses (e.g., mosaic and yellows viruses).